|
Introduction
New China’s industry had very
little to start with. In 1949 it had accumulated only 12.4 billion
yuan in fixed assets, and industrial products were very few: the
output of yarn was 327,000 tons, and that of raw coal 32 million
tons. Most finished industrial products were imported at that time.
After the founding of New China
in 1949, the Chinese government started construction on a large
and planned scale. As a result, the country’s industrial foundation
has been strengthened and its production level raised rapidly. The
metallurgical, mining and energy industries, airplane and automobile
industries, and the new industries, including petrochemicals, computers,
telecommunication equipment, instruments and meters, and aeronautics
have been built up from nothing. Since 1978, the policies of reform
and opening to the outside world have enabled China’s industry to
enter a stage of great innovation and development. From 1978 to
1999, China’s industry increased at an average rate of 11.1 percent
every year, and the comprehensive industrial strength was remarkably
enhanced. By 1999, some 3,535.7 billion yuan of industrial added
value had been attained, an increase of 10.2 times over 1978.
China’s industrial reform first
began by giving more rights to and leaving more profits for enterprises,
extending enterprises’ independent operations and practicing the
enterprise contract responsibility system, which fully mobilized
the initiative and creativeness of enterprises and their workers
and staff members, and created an excellent environment for the
improvement of the operation mechanism of enterprises. Next, China
speeded up its industrialization through the introduction of foreign
capital and opening to the outside world. The establishment of large
numbers of Sino-foreign joint and wholly foreign-owned enterprises
has not only brought more capital to enterprises, but also advanced
equipment and modernized management. Through 21 years of reform,
China’s industry has got rid of the backwardness in which it could
only make one or a few varieties of products and its technological
level was low. The production level of industrial products has increased
by a big margin. In 1999, the outputs of steel, raw coal, electricity
and cement were 124 million tons, 1.045 billion tons, 1,239.3 billion
kwh and 573 million tons—increases of 3.9 times, 69 percent, 4.8
and 8.8 times over 1978, respectively. The growth rates of chemical
fibers, fertilizers, ethylene, plastics, plate glass and other important
means of production products have doubled or more than doubled.
Many consumer goods closely related to people’s lives have grown
from zero and expanded from small to large, the growth rate of some
products has even reached more than one hundred times, such as color
TV sets, refrigerators, washing machines, air-conditioners, cameras,
video recorders, VCD and DVD sets, and stereos. A number of new-
and high-technology products have grown by leaps and bounds, such
as stored-program-controlled switching systems, large-scale integrated
circuits and micro-electronic computers. The output of cars is also
increasing at a rapid rate, along with the increasing number of
cars possessed by households.
The reform of state industrial
enterprises, especially large and medium-sized enterprises, is the
constant focus of China’s economic system reform. At present, in
accordance with the principles of the modern enterprise system—“the
property rights and responsibilities of enterprises will be clearly
defined, the functions of the government separated from those of
enterprises and enterprises scientifically managed”—strategic reorganization
has been carried out in large and medium-sized enterprises to transform
them into standard companies. In recent years a large number of
enterprise groups have been set up through annexation during the
re-organization of enterprises, such as the China Petroleum and
Natural Gas Group, Shanghai Baoshan Iron and Steel Group, and some
household appliance industrial groups, for instance, Changhong,
Haier, Konka, Kelon and TCL. The Legend and Founder of Beijing University
groups are prominent in the micro-computer industry. These groups
take part not only in domestic but also international competition.
Though China has made rapid progress
in industry, irrational structure within industries and unbalanced
development in regional economies still exist. The reform of state
enterprises has just been started, and the tasks are arduous. Facing
the 21st century, China will quicken its steps in restructuring
industry and establishing its new-type industrial system as fast
as it can, to suit the development of socialist market economy.
|
The
dam of the Ertan Hydropower Station,
the largest of its kind constructed
in this century in China.
|
Young
workers of the main production
line of the Shanghai Baoshan
Iron and Steel Company.
|
Increases in Output of Major Industrial Products
|
Product
|
Unit
|
1952
|
1978
|
1999
|
raw coal
|
100 million tons
|
0.66
|
6.18
|
10.45
|
crude oil
|
10,000 tons
|
44
|
10,405
|
16,000
|
generated energy
|
100 million kwh
|
73
|
2,566
|
12,393
|
steel
|
10,000 tons
|
135
|
3,178
|
12,426
|
cement
|
10,000 tons
|
286
|
6,524
|
57,300
|
tractors
|
10,000
|
-
|
11.35
|
6.54
|
automobiles
|
10,000
|
-
|
14.91
|
185.00
|
color TV sets
|
10,000
|
-
|
0.38
|
4,262
|
chemical fibers
|
10,000 tons
|
-
|
28.46
|
600
|
yarn
|
10,000 tons
|
65.6
|
238.2
|
567
|
cloth
|
100 million meters
|
38.3
|
110.3
|
250
|
sugar
|
10,000 tons
|
45
|
227
|
861
|
sulphuric acid
|
10,000 tons
|
19
|
661
|
2,356
|
fertilizer
|
10,000 tons
|
3.9
|
869.3
|
3,251
|
pesticide
|
10,000 tons
|
0.2
|
53.3
|
62.5
|
integrated circuits
|
100 million
|
-
|
-
|
41.5
|
program-controlled
exchanges
|
10,000 lines
|
-
|
-
|
4,726
|
mobile telecom equipment
|
10,000 sets
|
-
|
-
|
3,203
|
micro-computers
|
10,000 sets
|
-
|
-
|
405
|
|
|