Climate change is expected to alter the global fruits and nuts industry dramatically as crops such as pistachios and cherries struggle amid rising temperatures, researchers said.

A study said that even if polluters took greater action to cut carbon emissions, the effect of climate change will likely be severe enough that the nearly $100 billion-a-year industry will need to reassess planning.

The study, published in May by the online journal PLoS One, expected fruit and nut trees to be highly affected in California, the southeastern United States, China's southwestern Yunnan province and southern and southwestern Australia.

Areas that have already seen the worst losses from winter chill include Israel, Morocco, Tunisia and the Cape region of South Africa, the study said.

Co-author Eike Luedeling of the Nairobi-based World Agroforestry Centre said that farmers making long-term investments needed to realize quickly that fruits and nuts are more vulnerable than many other crops.

"If I'm growing wheat or maize, then from one year to the next I can decide whether to plant a little late or plant a little earlier or plant a different variety," Luedeling said.

"But for trees, you can't. Once you've made a decision to plant a certain crop, you're locked in for 30 years," he said.

Luedeling, who observed the problem of declining yields while researching trees in Oman, said that the economic effect of climate change on fruits and nuts would depend on decisions being made now.

"If farmers wake up to the reality of climate change and start making these adjustments - switching to cultivars that are appropriate in the future, but not necessary now yet - then the disruption to markets could be minimal," he said. "But if we don't, if farmers believe they can keep doing what their grandfathers have done, then we will see some serious problems."

Climate change is forecast to have less effect on cooler temperate regions and the winter chill may actually increase in some colder regions, the study found.

Co-author Evan Girvetz, a senior climate scientist at The Nature Conservancy, a US environmental group, said cooler regions had a greater window for rising temperatures as they started out with more days of winter chill.

However, many warmer areas are "already on that edge of not having enough cold temperatures during the winter for good fruit and nut production," Girvetz said. "They have years when you don't have enough full production and as we move into the future, we are finding that that's going to become more common."

Even if the world cuts down on greenhouse gas emissions, "we are still projecting that the suitability for growing these crops is likely to decrease," he said.