A large number of Party and government cadres from central to local levels were wrongly branded “capitalist roaders.” Anarchism prevailed as the leadership of the Party committees was “pushed aside”. As a result, a domestic turmoil emerged amidst calls for “Down with the Whole Lot and an All-Out Civil War.” Shown here is a big-character poster put up on a university campus, calling for “Sweeping away class enemies of all descriptions.”